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October 21, 2008

How Biography Informs Biology

Another lively exchange in the origins debate.

For those invested in the evolving origins debate, Beliefnet's Blogalogue today features a lively letter exchange between Ken Ham, president of Answers in Genesis USA, which opened the Creation Museum last spring, and Karl Giberson, director of the forum on faith and science at Gordon College, and author most recently of Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution.

Of particular interest is how autobiography has in no small way shaped each scientist's convictions. Ham's family was one of few Christians in rural Australia. His father, a school principal, showed a deep commitment to studying Scripture and defending its authority, which Ham likewise sees as part of his mission. Giberson also grew up in a Bible-believing church, in rural New Brunswick, Canada. But he faced something of a crisis of faith upon attending Eastern Nazarene University, whose science and religion faculty did not teach creationism. Giberson eventually embraced theistic evolution, or the view that God creates via natural processes over billions of years.

Both Giberson and Ham have become somewhat predictable go-to men for the sound bites necessary to write origins-related news stories, but their letter exchange nonetheless provides fresh insight:

Karl Giberson on genetics [from "Why I Am Not a Creationist"]:

Recent discoveries in genetics reveal that humans share almost all their genes with primates and other animals. If these genes were all functional and did something meaningful--like make blood clot, or give us two lungs--we could suppose that God used common genetic tools to make different species. But many of these genes are completely nonfunctional and do nothing. Some of them, called pseudogenes, are mutated copies of functioning genes.

They sit irrelevantly beside functioning genes, not needed because their neighbors are doing all the work. There are so many different possibilities for pseudogenes that we would never expect, from a statistical point of view, for different species to have identical pseudogenes, unless they inherited them from a common ancestor. The distribution of these and other genes in different species strongly suggests that these species are related and were not created independently. Why does genetic research point so strongly toward common ancestry if common ancestry is not true?

The evidence from genetics is compelling and trustworthy. We have confidence in genetics to establish biological kinship in legal cases, such as paternity suits; that same genetics now indicates biological kinship among species and we should accept that as well.

Ken Ham on Jesus' interpretation of Genesis [from "The Bible Teaches Creationism"]:

[I]f Genesis (and the rest of the Bible) is a revelation to us from an infinite God, it must be self attesting and self authenticating--and Scripture must interpret Scripture. I checked out the New Testament. Jesus (the Son of God--the Truth--the Word) quoted from Genesis 1:27 and Genesis 2:24 in Matthew 19: 4-6 when discussing the doctrine of marriage. Obviously Jesus (and Paul in Ephesians 5) referred to Genesis as literal history in building the doctrine of marriage being one man and one woman (and the whole understanding of one flesh--Eve came from Adam, as it also states in 1 Corinthians 11:8). . . .

As a Christian, my father had also shown me that the gospel message (the good news of salvation in Christ) was founded on the literal history in Genesis--as Paul in the New Testament makes obvious in passages such as Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15. I therefore saw the importance of standing on the authority of God's Word and determined there was a problem with what I was being taught at school--even if at that time I couldn't resolve it back then. I needed to search for answers--and I did. It began a journey that has led me to where I am today.

See more of Christianity Today's science-related coverage here.

Comments

"By faith we understand that the universe was formed at God's command, so that what is seen was not made out of what is visible" Heb 11:3.

As a microbiologist with a doctorate this verse has served me well through out my career. Karl Giberson makes a good point regarding genetic relatedness and pseudogenes though I do think that phylogeny can as easily point to a common designer as to an evolutionary pattern. One can err is they try to infer a mechanism simply form a patternn of data. Of course, since expeerimentation in this area is limiter one is lef with inferences.

Ken Ham is also correct regarding the authority and reliability of the Scriptures. Still, he should remember, that Genesis gives a short outline of creation with the object of showing us how the world came about and who made it. We can err if we try to analyze these passages with the prism of our modern scientific outlook. Ultimately, it is by faith that I believe that our d earth. I have opinions about how he did it, but I can no more prove them than the evolutionists can prove the origin of man.

The fact of creation is that God created from nothing exactly what He needed to create man, and every other "kind". The fact that there is a commonality about the genetic structures does not indicate a "common ancestor" but a single incredibly brilliant creator using the base material He created, adn assembling it in many different ways, to make this amazing universe and all the life in it. What we see is what God intended, what's so confusing about that?

Jesus and the New Testament writers believed in a young earth (see e.g. Mark 10:6 and Jude v. 14), so why should His followers embrace ingredients from a basically atheist worldview?
BTW, humans share 50 per cent of their genes with bananas, also, but no one believes that humans are descendent from bananas or bananas from humans. For evolutionists, common descent is an a priori assumption that has more to do with a non-theistic worldview than with facts.

Resubmission with spelling corrections.

Unfortunately a theist view of evolution still presumes Macro-evolution. Macro-evolution requires death for the "fittest" to survive.

I find disappointing that we do not trust the GOD of Heaven, the Lord of the Universe enough to believe that He could transcend time to accomplish His work and then tell us about it. The Bible does not need to be a scientific treatise to give us incredible information about a transcendent Creator.(This Creator made his own dirt!)

Before Genesis 3 there was no sin. Creation was Good, yea, with man created in the image of God---Very Good.

Theistic evolution presumes sin death before the fall of Man. Thus the gracious move of God to protect us from eternally living in broken mortal flesh and broken relationship with God is also discounted.(Salvation provided through the sending of a Messiah) The truly unfortunate reality is that we do not take God as being sufficient to produce an infinitely better solution to our problem than we can dream up from within our finiteness.

Mr. Gilberson, do those "unnecessary genes" really do nothing? I find it rather thoughtful of God to take a "mutated" apparatus like DNA with genes doing nothing(probably marred by sin and the effect of sin) and to largely protect us from the majority effect of mutations, none of which have scientifically delivered "good" or "beneficial" adaptations. That is ingenious and something we only have begun to mimic as we put protective shields in front of our eyes, fuses in our electrical systems, or plugs in our ears. I suspect that you would never call cancer a beneficial mutation. But I suspect that God still uses things like cancer to show how He meets the deepest need of man to have a marvelous relationship with a God who loves him. May you come to know this too. :)


Ham's argument has three fundamental flaws.

First, Ham's notion of self-authentication relies on a hermeneutic that is foreign to Biblical scholarship, even in conservative circles. It ignores the realities of the canonization process and of the human role in that process. Ham's notion is tantamount to saying, "In the beginning was a book, and the book...." The eternal Word is Christ, not the book. We speak of the Canon as "the Word" because the Holy Spirit speaks Christ through it to His people. This was the position of Calvin and of orthodox Protestantism until now. Ham's view diverges from that historic precedent. I suppose he would have us to believe that he has uncovered something that had eluded Calvin, Turretin, Beza, etc.

Second, Ham misses the fact that self-authentication addresses procedural reliability and not substantive reliability. In other words, the principle of self-authentication implies that the document is what it purports to be, but does not guarantee the document's substantive veracity. Therefore, even if Scripture were self-authenticating (which it is not), that would have little effect on the interpretation of its substantive content.

Third, Ham's argument misses the covenantal significance of Christ's and Paul's references to Genesis. Christ's and Paul's references do not depend on the historicity of the event, but only require that their hearers have familiarity with the narrative. In our Western tradition, we often refer to "narrative events" as though those events actually occurred. For example, I might refer to someone as a "Daisy Buchanan," but that doesn't mean that I believe in the historicity of the events of The Great Gatsby. The creation narratives of Genesis have immense covenantal significance. Jesus and Paul refer to these narratives for that reason. If Jesus and Paul were concerned with historicity, then their statements would have no meaning in their context.